Definition of organoids
Refers to the use of stem cells or organ progenitor cells, through in vitro 3D culture, to form a "micro-organ model" similar to the structure and function of organs in vivo. It is "a collection of organ-specific cells that develop from stem cells or organ progenitor cells and can self-assemble in a similar way to the body through cell sorting (cell sorting out) and spatially restricted lineage differentiation". Organoid technology achieves a closer interaction between cells and between cells and matrix, and can be used for research in multiple life science fields such as genetic development, tissue and organ transplantation, and disease research. It is an excellent in vitro model.
Characteristics of organoids
(1) They must contain more than one cell type that is the same as the source organ;
(2) They should exhibit some functions that are unique to the source organ;
(3) The organization of cells should be similar to that of the source organ.
Advantages of tumor organoids
(1) Similar to the structure and function of solid tumor tissues in vivo;
(2) Highly retain tumor heterogeneity;
(3) Facilitate high-throughput screening;
(4) Facilitate genetic manipulation and avoid ethical disputes.
Applications of patient-derived tumor organoids
(1) New drug development: providing more suitable disease cell models for new tumor drug development (drug screening and efficacy evaluation, etc.).
(2) Drug sensitivity "surrogate": recommending personalized precision treatment plans for clinical tumor patients (precision medicine).
(3) Basic scientific research: making up for the shortcomings of traditional two-dimensional cells.
Methods for constructing patient-derived tumor organoids
(1) Obtaining tumor cells: patient tumor tissue source, patient fluid biopsy source, enriched tumor stem cell source;
(2) Tumor organoid culture conditions: cytokines, organoid matrix materials.
Tumor organoids make up for the shortcomings of tumor research based on traditional cell lines and are more reliable in vitro models for tumor research; according to different tumor types and patient conditions, patient tumor cells from different sources can be selected to construct tumor organoids. Optimizing culture conditions by adding cytokines and biomaterials is the key to tumor organoid culture; patient-derived tumor organoids highly retain tumor heterogeneity and provide a more realistic and reliable platform for tumor biology research, new drug screening and precision medicine; however, patient-derived tumor organoids cannot fully reproduce the tumor microenvironment, such as the lack of vascular support, neuro-humoral regulation, and the role of immune cells, and therefore cannot fully reflect the changes in tumor progression. Co-culture and other technologies can provide support for simulating the tumor microenvironment.
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Immunohistochemistry was used to detect tumor organoid marker molecules; Tissue was the patient's surgical tissue specimen, and PDO was the tumor organoid corresponding to the tissue; the expression pattern of marker molecules was consistent in paired tissues and organoids.
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References
1. Feng Ziyi, Liang Shanshan, Yu Weiting, & Wang Ruoyu. (2021). Cultivation, research and application of patient-derived tumor organoids. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 25(25), 4082.
2. Li Fei, & Gao Dong. (2017). Organoids and their applications in tumor research. Chinese Journal of Cell Biology, 39(4), 394-400.